Fortress Mountain, Canada

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Site Overview Observations Site Map Papers Data

Section 1: Site Overview

Identity

Basin / Site Name	Nelson - Saskatchewan River Basin
Country; Province/State	Canada
Website	https://research-groups.usask.ca/hydrology/index.php
Operational Management	Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan

Abstract

Oversight/Contacts

Name	Role	Contact Information
Julie Thériault	Project PI	theriault.julie@uqam.ca
John Pomeroy	Site PI	john.pomeroy@usask.ca

Basin / Site Location (Centroid Coordinates)

Coordinate Format	Latitude	Longitude
Degrees Minutes Seconds
Decimal Degrees	50.83221	-115.2431

Purpose / Scientific Focus

Fortress Mountain was established for snow and weather monitoring in the Rocky Mountain Front Ranges. It has multiple stations for measuring the accumulation and melt of snow in great detail on mountain ridgetops, subalpine forests and in deep drift locations, as well as streamflow gauges. There are studies on groundwater and alpine wetlands, forest–snow interactions, storms over the continental divide, blowing snow, and snow remote sensing with drones and lidar systems.

See also:
https://inarch.usask.ca/science-basins/fortress.php

Basin / Site Characteristics

Location (Physiographic Region)	Situated in the Kananaskis Range of the Canadian Rocky Mountain Front Ranges.
Area (km2)	5.92 km2
Elevation (m; Mean, Maximum, Minimum)	1,786 – 2,832 m
Description (Physical–Ecological–Climatic Characteristics)	The basin contains complex terrain with steep slopes and high cliffs. Climate is highly seasonal with variability due to winter Chinooks and summer snowfalls, but typically has long cold winters and cool wet summers falling in the humid continental category. Forest cover consists mainly of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii)
Drainage / River System	Drainage is to the Bow River via the Kananaskis River, part of the South Saskatchewan River system
Site History or Historical Context	A ski resort was in operation here since the 1960s but closed in 2007, although a cat skiing operation has continued. Beginning in 2013-14 the site was instrumented with seven snow and weather monitoring stations. The site has more snowfall than other lower elevation parts of the Kananaskis Valley. It is surrounded by, but outside of the boundaries of provincial parks and recreation areas, it has an access road to high elevations, access to facilities and power supply, and support and safety personnel on site. Over the last decade it has been an active site for hydrological research and instrument testing
Years of Data	Data are avaialble since 2014

Other Information

Glacierized Area (% and year(s) measured)
Main Land Cover(s)	Mainly forest and alpine meadows; upper parts of the basin (less than 20% area) are alpine, with rock and talus
Lithology / Soils	Limestone and shale. The surface geology is predominantly well drained glacial till consequent of the most recent glaciation, overlaying fractured bedrock with varying thickness.
	J F M A M J J A S O N D A
Mean Monthly and Annual Temperature (°C)	−2.2°C (2565 m), 0.04°C (2100 m)
	J F M A M J J A S O N D A
Mean Total Monthly and Annual Precipitation (mm)	1052 mm (2100 m)
Snow Characteristics	Cold, deep, and highly redistributed snow by wind and avalanching in open areas
Additional Noteworthy Characteristics of Basin/Site

Section 2: Observations

Observation Stations

Type	Station Name	Latitude	Longitude	Elevation	Notes / Details
Meteorological	Powerline	50.82598	-115.1982	2,100 m
Meteorological	Canadian Ridge	50.8215	-115.2063	2,211 m
Meteorological	Canadian Ridge North	50.8216	-115.2065	2,205 m
Meteorological	Bonsai	50.82092	-115.2139	2,099 m
Meteorological	Fortress Ledge	50.83004	-115.22851	2,565 m
Meteorological	Fortress Ridge	50.83642	-115.22049	2,327 m
Meteorological	Fortress Ridge South	50.83823	-115.2157	2,306 m
Hydrometric	Fortress Creek staff stream gauge	50.82710	-115.20912	2,025 m	Automatic pressure level logger recording, seasonal staff stream gauging, estimated streamflow discharge based on rating curves
Hydrometric	Bonsai Creek staff stream gauge	50.82057	-115.21360	2,103 m	Automatic pressure level logger recording, seasonal staff stream gauging, estimated streamflow discharge based on rating curves

Meteorological Variables and Sensor Details

Variable	Station Name	Sensor(s)	Height / Depth (m)	Measurement Frequency	Notes / Details
SnowTemp150	FortressRidgeSouth	Type E Thermocouple	150 cm	10s
SnowTemp20	FortressRidgeSouth	Type E Thermocouple	20 cm	10s
Rainfall	FortressRidgeSouth	TB4 Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge	2.82 m	10s
SignalQuality	FortressRidgeSouth	SR50A Sonic Ranger		10s
SnowDepth	FortressRidgeSouth	SR50A Sonic Ranger		10s
Horizontal_100cm_Checksum10	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_P_Hifreq	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_P_Lowfreq	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_C_Hifreq	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_C_Lowfreq	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_C_ID	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_Checksum9	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_P_Hifreq	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_P_Lowfreq	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_C_Hifreq	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_C_Lowfreq	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_C_ID	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Checksum8	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_P_Hifreq	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_P_Lowfreq	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_C_Hifreq	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_C_Lowfreq	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_C_ID	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Checksum7	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Slope_P_Hifreq	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Slope_P_Lowfreq	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Slope_C_HiFreq	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Slope_C_Lowfreq	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Slope_C_ID	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Checksum6	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Analog_Input5	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Analog_Input4	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Analog_Input3	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Analog_Input2	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Analog_Input_ID	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Checksum5	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Analog_Input1_2	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Chip_Temperature	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Analog_Input1_1	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Snow_Depth	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Snow_Depth_ID	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_Checksum4	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_SWE	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_Snow_Density	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_Water_Content	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_Ice_Content	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_ID	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_Checksum3	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_SWE	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_Snow_Density	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_Water_Content	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_Ice_Content	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_ID	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Checksum2	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_SWE	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Snow_Density	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Water_Content	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Ice_Content	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_ID	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Slope_Checksum1	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Slope_SWE	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Slope_Snow_Density	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Slpoe_Water_Content	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Slope_Ice_Content	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Slope_ID	FortressRidgeSouth	SPA		10s
Raw Counts	FortressRidgeSouth	Snowfox	10cm below surface	10s
Temperature_Load_Cell	FortressRidgeSouth	Pluvio		10s
Bucket_NRT	FortressRidgeSouth	Pluvio		10s
Bucket_RT	FortressRidgeSouth	Pluvio		10s
Accumulated_Total_NRT	FortressRidgeSouth	Pluvio		10s
Accumulated_NRT	FortressRidgeSouth	Pluvio		10s
Accumulated_RT	FortressRidgeSouth	Pluvio		10s
Intensity_RT	FortressRidgeSouth	Pluvio	2.72m	10s
HFP	FortressRidgeSouth	HFP01 Soil Heat Flux Plate		10s
Rhcorrected	FortressRidgeSouth	HC-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe		10s	RH corrected for saturation vapour pressure over water and ice
AirTemp	FortressRidgeSouth	HC-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe	3.04 m	10s
SoilTemp_650	FortressRidgeSouth	CS650x	2 cm below surface	10s
EC	FortressRidgeSouth	CS650x	2 cm below surface	10s
VWC	FortressRidgeSouth	CS650x	2 cm below surface	10s
net_rad	FortressRidgeSouth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
albedo	FortressRidgeSouth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
net_long	FortressRidgeSouth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
net_short	FortressRidgeSouth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
long_dn_Corr	FortressRidgeSouth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
long_up_corr	FortressRidgeSouth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
cnr4_T_K	FortressRidgeSouth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
cnr4_T_C	FortressRidgeSouth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
long_dn	FortressRidgeSouth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
long_up	FortressRidgeSouth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
short_dn	FortressRidgeSouth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
short_up	FortressRidgeSouth	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.8 m	10s
WindDir	FortressRidgeSouth	05103-10 Wind Monitor		10s
WindSpeed	FortressRidgeSouth	05103-10 Wind Monitor	5.2 m	10s
PluvioWind	FortressRidgeSouth	014		10s
SnowTemp150	FortressRidge	Type E Thermocouple	150 cm	10s
SnowTemp20	FortressRidge	Type E Thermocouple	20 cm	10s
Rainfall	FortressRidge	TB4 Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge	3.04 m	10s
SignalQuality	FortressRidge	SR50A Sonic Ranger		10s
SnowDepth	FortressRidge	SR50A Sonic Ranger	2.17 m	10s
HFP	FortressRidge	HFP01 Soil Heat Flux Plate	2 cm below surface	10s
Rhcorrected	FortressRidge	HC-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe		10s	RH corrected for saturation vapour pressure over water and ice
AirTemp	FortressRidge	HC-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe	2.94 m	10s
SoilTemp_650	FortressRidge	CS650	2 cm below surface	10s
EC	FortressRidge	CS650	2 cm below surface	10s
VWC	FortressRidge	CS650	2 cm below surface	10s
Pressure	FortressRidge	CS106 Barometric Pressure Sensor		10s
net_rad	FortressRidge	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
albedo	FortressRidge	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
net_long	FortressRidge	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
net_short	FortressRidge	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
long_dn_Corr	FortressRidge	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
long_up_corr	FortressRidge	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
cnr4_T_K	FortressRidge	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
cnr4_T_C	FortressRidge	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
long_dn	FortressRidge	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
long_up	FortressRidge	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
short_dn	FortressRidge	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
short_up	FortressRidge	CNR4 Net Radiometer	3.27 m	10s
WindDir	FortressRidge	05130AP-10 Wind Monitor		10s
WindSpeed	FortressRidge	05130AP-10 Wind Monitor	5.73 m	10s
SnowTemp_150cm	CanadianRidgeNorth	Type E Thermocouple	146 cm	10s
SnowTemp_20cm	CanadianRidgeNorth	Type E Thermocouple	20 cm	10s
Rainfall	CanadianRidgeNorth	TB4 Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge	1.43m	10s
SignalQuality	CanadianRidgeNorth	SR50A Sonic Ranger		10s
SnowDepth	CanadianRidgeNorth	SR50A Sonic Ranger	2.48 m	10s	Sensor orientated on slope
Horizontal_15cm_Checksum8	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_P_Hifreq	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_P_Lowfreq	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_C_Hifreq	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_C_Lowfreq	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_C_ID	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Checksum7	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Slope_P_Hifreq	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Slope_P_Lowfreq	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Slope_C_HiFreq	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Slope_C_Lowfreq	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Slope_C_ID	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Checksum6	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Analog_Input5	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Analog_Input4	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Analog_Input3	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Analog_Input2	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Analog_Input_ID	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Checksum5	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Analog_Input1_2	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Chip_Temperature	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Analog_Input1_1	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Snow_Depth	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Snow_Depth_ID	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Checksum2	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_SWE	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Snow_Density	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Water_Content	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Ice_Content	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_ID	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Slope_Checksum1	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Slope_SWE	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Slope_Snow_Density	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Slope_Water_Content	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Slope_Ice_Content	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Slope_ID	CanadianRidgeNorth	SPA		10s
Temperature_Load_Cell	CanadianRidgeNorth	Pluvio		10s
Bucket_NRT	CanadianRidgeNorth	Pluvio		10s
Bucket_RT	CanadianRidgeNorth	Pluvio		10s
Accumulated_Total_NRT	CanadianRidgeNorth	Pluvio		10s
Accumulated_NRT	CanadianRidgeNorth	Pluvio		10s
Accumulated_RT	CanadianRidgeNorth	Pluvio		10s
Intensity_RT	CanadianRidgeNorth	Pluvio		10s
HFP	CanadianRidgeNorth	HFP01 Soil Heat Flux Plate	2 cm below surface	10s
Rhcorrected	CanadianRidgeNorth	HC2-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe		10s	RH corrected for saturation vapour pressure over water and ice
AirTemp	CanadianRidgeNorth	HC2-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe	2.63m	10s
SoilTemp_650	CanadianRidgeNorth	CS650		10s
EC	CanadianRidgeNorth	CS650		10s
VWC	CanadianRidgeNorth	CS650	130 cm below surface	10s
SoilTemp_650	CanadianRidgeNorth	CS650		10s
EC	CanadianRidgeNorth	CS650		10s
VWC	CanadianRidgeNorth	CS650	90 cm below surface	10s
SoilTemp_650	CanadianRidgeNorth	CS650		10s
EC	CanadianRidgeNorth	CS650		10s
VWC	CanadianRidgeNorth	CS650	45 cm below surface	10s
SoilTemp_650	CanadianRidgeNorth	CS650		10s
EC	CanadianRidgeNorth	CS650		10s
VWC	CanadianRidgeNorth	CS650	20 cm below surface	10s
SoilTemp_650	CanadianRidgeNorth	CS650		10s
EC	CanadianRidgeNorth	CS650		10s
VWC	CanadianRidgeNorth	CS650	1 - 11 cm below surface	10s
net_rad	CanadianRidgeNorth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
albedo	CanadianRidgeNorth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
net_long	CanadianRidgeNorth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
net_short	CanadianRidgeNorth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
long_dn_Corr	CanadianRidgeNorth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
long_up_corr	CanadianRidgeNorth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
cnr4_T_K	CanadianRidgeNorth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
cnr4_T_C	CanadianRidgeNorth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
long_dn	CanadianRidgeNorth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
long_up	CanadianRidgeNorth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
short_dn	CanadianRidgeNorth	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
short_up	CanadianRidgeNorth	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.40m	10s	Sensor orientated on slope
WindDir	CanadianRidgeNorth	05103-10 Wind Monitor	5.58m	10s
WindSpeed	CanadianRidgeNorth	05103-10 Wind Monitor	5.58 m	10s
PluvioWind	CanadianRidgeNorth	014	2.52m	10s
SnowTemp_150cm	CanadianRidge	Type E Thermocouple		10s
SnowTemp_20cm	CanadianRidge	Type E Thermocouple		10s
SignalQuality	CanadianRidge	SR50A Sonic Ranger		10s
SnowDepth	CanadianRidge	SR50A Sonic Ranger		10s	Sensor orientated on slope
HFP	CanadianRidge	HFP01 Soil Heat Flux Plate		10s
Rhcorrected	CanadianRidge	HC2-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe		10s	RH corrected for saturation vapour pressure over water and ice
AirTemp	CanadianRidge	HC2-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe	2.61m	10s
SoilTemp_650	CanadianRidge	CS650		10s
EC	CanadianRidge	CS650		10s
VWC	CanadianRidge	CS650	120 cm below surface	10s
SoilTemp_650	CanadianRidge	CS650		10s
EC	CanadianRidge	CS650		10s
VWC	CanadianRidge	CS650	60 cm below surface	10s
SoilTemp_650	CanadianRidge	CS650		10s
EC	CanadianRidge	CS650		10s
VWC	CanadianRidge	CS650	35 cm below surface	10s
SoilTemp_650	CanadianRidge	CS650		10s
EC	CanadianRidge	CS650		10s
SnowTemp_150cm	Bonsai	Type E Thermocouple	1.25m	10s
SnowTemp_20cm	Bonsai	Type E Thermocouple	0.10 m	10s
Rainfall	Bonsai	TB4 Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge	3.59 m	10s
SignalQuality	Bonsai	SR50A Sonic Ranger		10s
SnowDepth	Bonsai	SR50A Sonic Ranger	1.13m	10s
Horizontal_15cm_Checksum8	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_P_Hifreq	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_P_Lowfreq	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_C_Hifreq	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_C_Lowfreq	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_C_ID	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Checksum7	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Slope_P_Hifreq	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Slope_P_Lowfreq	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Slope_C_HiFreq	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Slope_C_Lowfreq	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Slope_C_ID	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Checksum6	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Analog_Input5	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Analog_Input4	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Analog_Input3	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Analog_Input2	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Analog_Input_ID	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Checksum5	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Analog_Input1_2	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Chip_Temperature	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Analog_Input1_1	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Snow_Depth	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Snow_Depth_ID	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Checksum2	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_SWE	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Snow_Density	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Water_Content	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Ice_Content	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_ID	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Slope_Checksum1	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Slope_SWE	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Slope_Snow_Density	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Slpoe_Water_Content	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Slope_Ice_Content	Bonsai	SPA		10s
Slope_ID	Bonsai	SPA		10s
US Wind Direction	Bonsai	Sonic Anemometer		10s
US Wind Speed	Bonsai	Sonic Anemometer	3.45m	10s
Temperature_Load_Cell	Bonsai	Pluvio		10s
Bucket_NRT	Bonsai	Pluvio		10s
Bucket_RT	Bonsai	Pluvio		10s
Accumulated_Total_NRT	Bonsai	Pluvio	2.82 m	10s
Accumulated_NRT	Bonsai	Pluvio		10s
Accumulated_RT	Bonsai	Pluvio		10s
Intensity_RT	Bonsai	Pluvio		10s
HFP	Bonsai	HFP01 Soil Heat Flux Plate	0.02 m below ground	10s
Rhcorrected	Bonsai	HC2-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe		10s	RH corrected for saturation vapour pressure over water and ice
AirTemp	Bonsai	HC2-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe	3.43 m	10s
Geonor	Bonsai	Geonor	2.79m	10s
SoilTemp_650	Bonsai	CS650		10s
EC	Bonsai	CS650	25	10s	60
VWC	Bonsai	CS650		10s
net_rad	Bonsai	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
albedo	Bonsai	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
net_long	Bonsai	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
net_short	Bonsai	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
long_dn_Corr	Bonsai	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
long_up_corr	Bonsai	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
cnr4_T_K	Bonsai	CNR4 Net Radiometer	3.00 m to Kout	10s
cnr4_T_C	Bonsai	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
long_dn	Bonsai	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
long_up	Bonsai	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
short_dn	Bonsai	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
short_up	Bonsai	CNR4 Net Radiometer		10s
WindDir	Bonsai	05103 Atmp		10s
WindSpeed	Bonsai	05103 Atmp	5.74 m	10s
PluvioWind	Bonsai	014	3.66 m	10s
Snow Temperature	Powerline	Type E Thermocouple	150 cm	10s
Snow Temperature	Powerline	Type E Thermocouple	20 cm	10s
Rainfall	Powerline	TB4 Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge	4.16 m	10s
Signal Quality	Powerline	SR50A Sonic Ranger	2.17 m	10s
Snow Depth	Powerline	SR50A Sonic Ranger	2.17 m	10s
Horizontal_100cm_Checksum10	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_P_Hifreq	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_P_Lowfreq	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_C_Hifreq	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_C_Lowfreq	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_C_ID	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_Checksum9	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_P_Hifreq	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_P_Lowfreq	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_C_Hifreq	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_C_Lowfreq	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_C_ID	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Checksum8	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_P_Hifreq	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_P_Lowfreq	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_C_Hifreq	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_C_Lowfreq	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_C_ID	Powerline	SPA		10s
Checksum7	Powerline	SPA		10s
Slope_P_Hifreq	Powerline	SPA		10s
Slope_P_Lowfreq	Powerline	SPA		10s
Slope_C_HiFreq	Powerline	SPA		10s
Slope_C_Lowfreq	Powerline	SPA		10s
Slope_C_ID	Powerline	SPA		10s
Checksum6	Powerline	SPA		10s
Analog_Input5	Powerline	SPA		10s
Analog_Input4	Powerline	SPA		10s
Analog_Input3	Powerline	SPA		10s
Analog_Input2	Powerline	SPA		10s
Analog_Input_ID	Powerline	SPA		10s
Checksum5	Powerline	SPA		10s
Analog_Input1_2	Powerline	SPA		10s
Chip_Temperature	Powerline	SPA		10s
Analog_Input1_1	Powerline	SPA		10s
Snow_Depth	Powerline	SPA		10s
Snow_Depth_ID	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_Checksum4	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_SWE	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_Snow_Density	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_Water_Content	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_Ice_Content	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_100cm_ID	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_Checksum3	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_SWE	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_Snow_Density	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_Water_Content	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_Ice_Content	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_50cm_ID	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Checksum2	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_SWE	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Snow_Density	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Water_Content	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_Ice_Content	Powerline	SPA		10s
Horizontal_15cm_ID	Powerline	SPA		10s
Rainfall	FortressLedge	TB4 Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge	2.87 m	10s
SignalQuality	FortressLedge	SR50A Sonic Ranger		10s
SnowDepth	FortressLedge	SR50A Sonic Ranger	2.08 m	10s
Rhcorrected	FortressLedge	HC-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe		10s	RH corrected for saturation vapour pressure over water and ice
AirTemp	FortressLedge	HC-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe	2.2 m	10s
Pressure	FortressLedge	CS106 Barometric Pressure Sensor	inside box	10s
WindDir	FortressLedge	05103-10 Wind Monitor		10s
WindSpeed	FortressLedge	05103-10 Wind Monitor	3.15 m	10s
Slope_Checksum1	Powerline	SPA		10s
Slope_SWE	Powerline	SPA		10s
Slope_Snow_Density	Powerline	SPA		10s
Slpoe_Water_Content	Powerline	SPA		10s
Slope_Ice_Content	Powerline	SPA		10s
Slope_ID	Powerline	SPA		10s
SWE	Powerline	SnowScale		10s
Temperature_Load_Cell	Powerline	Pluvio		10s
Bucket_NRT	Powerline	Pluvio		10s
Bucket_RT	Powerline	Pluvio		10s
Accumulated_Total_NRT	Powerline	Pluvio		10s
Accumulated_NRT	Powerline	Pluvio		10s
Accumulated_RT	Powerline	Pluvio		10s
Intensity_RT	Powerline	Pluvio		10s
Multiple	Powerline	Parsivel	2.96 m	10s
Soil Heat Flux	Powerline	HFP01 Soil Heat Flux Plate	2 cm below surface	10s
RH	Powerline	HC-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe	4.32 m	10s	RH corrected for saturation vapour pressure over water and ice
Air Temperature	Powerline	HC-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe	4.32 m	10s
Soil Temp	Powerline	CS650	2 cm below surface	10s
Electroconductivity	Powerline	CS650	2 cm below surface	10s
Volumetric Water Content	Powerline	CS650	2 cm below surface	10s
Barometric Pressure	Powerline	CS106 Barometric Pressure Sensor		10s
Net Radiation	Powerline	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.31 m	10s
Albedo	Powerline	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.31 m	10s
Net longwave radiation	Powerline	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.31 m	10s
Net shortwave radiation	Powerline	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.31 m	10s
Corrected outoing longwave radiation	Powerline	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.31 m	10s
Corrected incoming longwave radiation	Powerline	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.31 m	10s
Sensor temperature	Powerline	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.31 m	10s
Outgoing longwave radiation	Powerline	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.31 m	10s
Incoming longwave radiation	Powerline	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.31 m	10s
Wind Direction	Powerline	05103-10 Wind Monitor	5.25 m	10s
Wind Speed	Powerline	05103-10 Wind Monitor	5.25 m	10s
Wind Speed	Powerline	14	2.61 m	10s
Air Temperature	Fortress Ledge	HC-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe	2.2 m
RH	Fortress Ledge	HC-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe	2.2 m
Wind Speed	Fortress Ledge	05103-10 Wind Monitor	3.15 m
Wind Direction	Fortress Ledge	05103-10 Wind Monitor	3.15 m
Snow Depth	Fortress Ledge	SR50A Sonic Ranger	2.08 m
Signal Quality	Fortress Ledge	SR50A Sonic Ranger	2.08 m
Barometric Pressure	Fortress Ledge	CS106 Barometric Pressure Sensor	inside box
Rainfall	Fortress Ledge	TB4 Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge	2.87 m
Air Temperature	Fortress Ridge South	HC-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe	2.8 m
RH	Fortress Ridge South	HC-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe	2.8 m
Wind Speed	Fortress Ridge South	05103-10 Wind Monitor	2.8 m
Wind Direction	Fortress Ridge South	05103-10 Wind Monitor	2.8 m
Snow Depth	Fortress Ridge South	SR50A Sonic Ranger	2.8 m		Slope 21
Signal Quality	Fortress Ridge South	SR50A Sonic Ranger	2.8 m
Incoming shortwave radiation	Fortress Ridge South	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.8 m
Outgoing shortwave radiation	Fortress Ridge South	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.8 m
Incoming longwave radiation	Fortress Ridge South	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.8 m
Outgoing longwave radiation	Fortress Ridge South	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.8 m
Sensor temperature	Fortress Ridge South	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.8 m
Corrected incoming longwave radiation	Fortress Ridge South	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.8 m
Corrected outoing longwave radiation	Fortress Ridge South	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.8 m
Net shortwave radiation	Fortress Ridge South	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.8 m
Net longwave radiation	Fortress Ridge South	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.8 m
Albedo	Fortress Ridge South	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.8 m
Net Radiation	Fortress Ridge South	CNR4 Net Radiometer	2.8 m
Rainfall	Fortress Ridge South	TB4 Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge	2.82 m
Volumetric Water Content	Fortress Ridge South	CS650	2 cm below surface
Electroconductivity	Fortress Ridge South	CS650	2 cm below surface
Soil Temp	Fortress Ridge South	CS650	2 cm below surface
Soil Heat Flux	Fortress Ridge South	HFP01 Soil Heat Flux Plate
Snow Temperature	Fortress Ridge South	Type E Thermocouple	20 cm
Snow Temperature	Fortress Ridge South	Type E Thermocouple	150 cm
Air Temperature	Fortress Ridge	HC-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe	2.94 m
Solid Precipitation	Fortress Ridge South	Pluvio	2.72m
Wind Speed	Fortress Ridge South	014 - Met One
cosmis ray counts	Fortress Ridge South	Snowfox	10cm below surface
RH	Fortress Ridge	HC-S3 Temperature & Humidity Probe	2.94 m
Wind Speed	Fortress Ridge	05130AP-10 Wind Monitor	5.73 m
Wind Direction	Fortress Ridge	05130AP-10 Wind Monitor	5.73 m
Snow Depth	Fortress Ridge	SR50A Sonic Ranger	2.17 m
Signal Quality	Fortress Ridge	SR50A Sonic Ranger	2.17 m
Incoming shortwave radiation	Fortress Ridge	CNR4 Net Radiometer	3.27 m
Outgoing shortwave radiation	Fortress Ridge	CNR4 Net Radiometer	3.27 m
Incoming longwave radiation	Fortress Ridge	CNR4 Net Radiometer	3.27 m
Outgoing longwave radiation	Fortress Ridge	CNR4 Net Radiometer	3.27 m
Sensor temperature	Fortress Ridge	CNR4 Net Radiometer	3.27 m
Corrected incoming longwave radiation	Fortress Ridge	CNR4 Net Radiometer	3.27 m
Corrected outoing longwave radiation	Fortress Ridge	CNR4 Net Radiometer	3.27 m
Net shortwave radiation	Fortress Ridge	CNR4 Net Radiometer	3.27 m
Net longwave radiation	Fortress Ridge	CNR4 Net Radiometer	3.27 m
Albedo	Fortress Ridge	CNR4 Net Radiometer	3.27 m
Net Radiation	Fortress Ridge	CNR4 Net Radiometer	3.27 m
Barometric Pressure	Fortress Ridge	CS106 Barometric Pressure Sensor
Rainfall	Fortress Ridge	TB4 Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge	3.04 m
Volumetric Water Content	Fortress Ridge	CS650	2 cm below surface
Electroconductivity	Fortress Ridge	CS650	2 cm below surface
Soil Temp	Fortress Ridge	CS650	2 cm below surface
Soil Heat Flux	Fortress Ridge	HFP01 Soil Heat Flux Plate	2 cm below surface
Snow Temperature	Fortress Ridge	Type E Thermocouple	20 cm
Snow Temperature	Fortress Ridge	Type E Thermocouple	150 cm
3D Sonic Wind	Fortress Ridge	CSAT3
Water vapour flux	Fortress Ridge	KH20

	Canadian Ridge North	TBD Stated 2024-12-06

	Canadian Ridge	TBD Stated 2024-12-06

	Bonsai	TBD Stated 2024-12-06

	Powerline	TBD Stated 2024-12-06

Additional Notes and Details on Meteorological Observations

For all meteorological stations, please download the sensors list corresponding to the station at:
https://inarch.usask.ca/science-basins/fortress.php

Hydrological Variables and Sensor Details

Variable	Station Name	Sensor(s)	Height / Depth (m)	Record Period	Measurement Frequency	Notes / Details

Additional Notes and Details on Hydrological Observations

Water Quality Variables and Sensor Details

Variable	Station Name	Sensor(s)	Height / Depth (m)	Record Period	Measurement Frequency	Notes / Details

Additional Notes and Details on Water Quality Observations

Other Hydrological and Cryospheric Measurements and Observations

Measurement	Instrumentation Description	Spatial / Temporal Resolution and Coverage	Notes / Details
Terrestrial Laser Scanner			2013-2014 field season
UAV Sensors	AltaX with lidar/thermal/RGB/multispectral	Every 2-4 weeks during winter
Snow Pits/Snow Surveys			several manual snow survey transects located in and above alpine treeline, in subalpine forest and forest clearings
Snow Pack properties	SPA (Sommer)		Fortress Ridge South Variable Names: Slope_ID Slope_Ice_Content Slpoe_Water_Content Slope_Snow_Density Slope_SWE Slope_Checksum1 Horizontal_15cm_ID Horizontal_15cm_Ice_Content Horizontal_15cm_Water_Content Horizontal_15cm_Snow_Density Horizontal_15cm_SWE Horizontal_15cm_Checksum2 Horizontal_50cm_ID Horizontal_50cm_Ice_Content Horizontal_50cm_Water_Content Horizontal_50cm_Snow_Density Horizontal_50cm_SWE Horizontal_50cm_Checksum3 Horizontal_100cm_ID Horizontal_100cm_Ice_Content Horizontal_100cm_Water_Content Horizontal_100cm_Snow_Density Horizontal_100cm_SWE Horizontal_100cm_Checksum4 Snow_Depth_ID Snow_Depth Analog_Input1_1 Chip_Temperature Analog_Input1_2 Checksum5 Analog_Input_ID Analog_Input2 Analog_Input3 Analog_Input4 Analog_Input5 Checksum6 Slope_C_ID Slope_C_Lowfreq Slope_C_HiFreq Slope_P_Lowfreq Slope_P_Hifreq Checksum7 Horizontal_15cm_C_ID Horizontal_15cm_C_Lowfreq Horizontal_15cm_C_Hifreq Horizontal_15cm_P_Lowfreq Horizontal_15cm_P_Hifreq Horizontal_15cm_Checksum8 Horizontal_50cm_C_ID Horizontal_50cm_C_Lowfreq Horizontal_50cm_C_Hifreq Horizontal_50cm_P_Lowfreq Horizontal_50cm_P_Hifreq Horizontal_50cm_Checksum9 Horizontal_100cm_C_ID Horizontal_100cm_C_Lowfreq Horizontal_100cm_C_Hifreq Horizontal_100cm_P_Lowfreq Horizontal_100cm_P_Hifreq Horizontal_100cm_Checksum10

Additional Notes and Details on Other Measurements and Observations

Modelling (Model Applications, Purpose, Advancements, etc.)

Hydrometeorological data measured from stations have been gone through Quality Control (QC) procedures. The missing gaps in the QC data have been infilled using various interpolation techniques (i.e. spatial station regression and temporal averaging interpolation). The gap-infilled QC data have been used to create forcing data for hydrological modelling. The hydrological models are tested against SWE observed from snow surveys and streamflow discharge measured at stream gauges. The purpose of model testing is to identify inadequacy in the model and improve processes representation in cold regions hydrology. The developed hydrological model can be used as tool to evaluate hydrological impacts of climate change and forest disturbance. In addition, hydrological models have been used for evaluating accuracy of alternative model forcings such as model outputs from GEM 2.5 KM high resolution or bias corrected WRF-GEM-CaPa 10 KM model outputs, which is quite useful by utilizing high quality hydrometeorological data measured from stations. This can be applied to future study when outputs from the advanced atmospheric models become available.

T-2024-11-27-S1S1iUv3LFZUOyRqsb7RQNXg Site 1.0

Digital Elevation Model	2 m lidar and higher resolution from UAV-lidar for <2500 masl
Landcover and Soils	Alberta Landsat-derived land cover (ABMI), with updates from site visits, UAV-lidar point cloud (canopy height model and other derivatives)
Stream/River Network	Stream network delineated from Topaz GIS analysis using 2 m Lidar DEM
Basin Delineation / Shapefile	using 2 m Lidar DEM